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Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)
FGM is a serious form of child abuse and gender-based violence. It can cause lasting physical and emotional harm. This page explains what FGM is, your legal rights in the UK, how it connects to sexual abuse, and how to get help and support.
What is Female Genital Mutilation (FGM)?
Female Genital Mutilation (FGM) is any procedure that involves altering or injuring female genitalia for non-medical reasons.
It is usually carried out on girls between infancy and the age of 15, often before puberty. FGM has no health benefits and can cause severe pain, bleeding, infections, fertility problems, and complications in childbirth.
The World Health Organisation recognises four main types of FGM. These range from partial or total removal of the clitoris to narrowing of the vaginal opening. All types are harmful.
FGM is a human rights violation and is illegal in the UK.
137,000+
women and girls are estimated to be living with FGM in England and Wales (City University & Equality Now, 2015).
FGM and Sexual Abuse
FGM is a form of sexual violence. It involves the violation of bodily autonomy and sexual integrity, often carried out on children who cannot consent.
Survivors may experience flashbacks, post-traumatic stress, sexual difficulties, pain during sex, and feelings of betrayal or shame. For some, the act itself may have been accompanied by other forms of abuse, such as forced marriage or ongoing sexual assault.
FGM is often embedded in wider systems of control over girls’ sexuality. Survivors may face pressure to stay silent, fear being disbelieved, or worry about bringing shame to their families or communities.
Recognising FGM as a form of sexual abuse is essential for providing appropriate trauma-informed care and ensuring survivors receive the protection and support they need.
Warning Signs That a Girl May Be at Risk
A family planning to take a child on a long holiday to a country where FGM is prevalent.
A girl talking about a special ceremony or “becoming a woman”.
Sudden school absences, especially after travel abroad.
A family member expressing strong beliefs in FGM.
A girl expressing fear about a trip or asking for help.
Frequently Asked Questions about FGM
Can FGM be reversed?
Some types of FGM can be treated with a minor surgical procedure called deinfibulation. This can help open the vaginal area and relieve physical problems caused by FGM. NHS specialist clinics offer this service confidentially and free of charge. This surgery is typically recommended by health professionals to “women who are unable to have sex or have difficulty peeing as a result of FGM”; and “pregnant women at risk of problems during labour or delivery as a result of FGM”. To find out more about deinfibulation, click here.
Is it safe to talk to my GP or another professional?
Yes. Health and social care professionals must keep information confidential. They will listen to you and explain what support is available. If you are under 18 or at immediate risk, they must report it to keep you safe, not to punish you. You can also talk to a specialist service like Safeline first if you prefer.
What happens if I tell someone what happened to me?
You will be treated with care and respect.
Professionals will explain your options and support you at your pace.
You won’t be forced to take legal action if you don’t want to.
Support may include counselling, medical care, legal advice, or protective measures if needed.
What if my family supports FGM?
This can feel frightening and isolating. But, remember, you have the right to make your own choices. If you feel unsafe, specialist services can help protect you through FGM Protection Orders or other legal measures. You can get help confidentially, without your family knowing, if that’s what you need.
Is FGM linked to other forms of abuse?
Yes. FGM is a form of child abuse and sexual violence. Survivors may also experience forced marriage, domestic abuse, or coercive control.
Can I get support even if FGM happened a long time ago?
Yes. Many survivors come forward years after FGM happened. You still have the right to medical treatment, emotional support, and legal advice. It’s never too late to talk.
What Does The Law Say?
FGM is illegal in the UK. The law protects girls and women in several ways:
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It is an offence to carry out FGM, assist someone to carry it out, or take someone abroad to undergo the procedure, even if it is legal in that country.
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The law applies to UK nationals and permanent residents, regardless of where the FGM occurs.
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Mandatory reporting: Under the Serious Crime Act 2015, regulated professionals (including teachers, health and social care workers) must report known cases of FGM in under-18s to the police.
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Survivors are protected under the FGM Protection Order system, which allows the courts to take steps to safeguard individuals at risk.
FGM can lead to serious criminal penalties, including imprisonment for up to 14 years.
You have the right to be protected and supported. If you are worried you might be at risk, or if this has happened to you, help is available.
Support for Survivors
FGM can have a deep emotional impact. Survivors may feel isolated, ashamed, or unsure where to turn for help. Your feelings are valid. You deserve support, respect, and care.
Some survivors want medical treatment. Others want emotional support, legal advice, or simply someone to listen. All are equally important.
When you reach out to a service like Safeline, you will be believed, treated with respect, and supported at your own pace. You will never be pressured to do anything you don’t want to do.
Support may include:
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Counselling and trauma-informed therapy
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Specialist NHS FGM clinics for medical care and deinfibulation
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Legal protection and advice
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Advocacy and help navigating services
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Safe spaces to talk without judgement
Where to Get Help
If you have experienced FGM, it is not your fault. You deserve to live free from fear and to receive the support you need. There are services that can help: