Societal expectations around masculinity and gender norms are considerable barriers to male help seeking. The impacts of societal expectations around the male gender role include:
- Males blame themselves both for not stopping the abuse from happening and for struggling with the aftermath, because ‘as men they should be able to cope’.
- The sense of not living up to the masculine ideal of being strong, tough, and able to protect themselves from adversity makes men who have been sexually abused unlikely to seek help due to their fear of ridicule and blame
- Many male survivors are left questioning their gender identity after sexual abuse believing ‘I’m not a real man’
The rise of feminism and services for female survivors, whilst much needed and of huge benefit for females, has further impacted on male help seeking by enforcing male rape myths and stereotypes and creating a lack of provision for male survivors.
These myths and stereotypes include:
- ‘Men can’t be sexually abused’ (hence no need for services)
- ‘Only gay men and boys are sexually abused’
- ‘Sexual abuse makes you gay’
- ‘A male who discloses sexual abuse is probably a perpetrator’
Seeking help for sexual abuse or rape (for which society has traditionally considered a feminine issue), for struggling to cope with the aftermath and for thinking they were to blame for not stopping the assault carries, a high level of self-stigma, guilt, and shame for male survivors.
This extremely difficult and challenging situation leaves males believing they must be weak, unable to cope and emasculated. This has a huge impact on male help seeking behaviours that needs to be understood by commissionaires and service providers.